Hyaluronic acid derivative based cell culture and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a biological material comprising a matrix consisting of at least one derivative of hyaluronic acid on which endothelial cells, glandular cells such as islets of Langerhans and liver cells, skin adnexa, germinative cells of hair bulbs, and keratinocytes are grown, optionally in presence of a medium treated with fibroblasts or in a co-culture with fibroblasts. It is also described the process for the production of said biologic material and its use for human and veterinary use, in cardiovascolar and oncological surgery, in transplants, to enhance the biological process of tissue vascularization and for aesthetic use, and also for the screening of medicaments or toxic substances and as a support gene transfection.  
     Biological material comprising an efficacious cell culture and a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix consisting of a hyaluronic acid derivative.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention concerns a biological material comprising a matrix consisting of at least one derivative of hyaluronic acid on which endothelial cells, glandular cells such as islets of Langerhans and liver cells, skin adnexa and germinative cells of hair bulbs are grown.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] It is possible nowadays to reproduce angiogenesis, that is, the formation of new blood vessels, experimentally in vitro by various means and using different stimulants such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) or basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) (R. Montesano et al., PNAS USA, 1986, 83; 7297-7301, “Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor induces angiogenesis in vitro”; J. Folkman et al., PNAS USA, 1979, 76; 5217-5221, “Long term culture of capillary endothelial cells”; R. Montesano et al., Lab. Invest., 1996, 75;

[0003]249-262, “Synergistic effect of hyaluronan oligosaccharides and vascular endothelial growth factor on angiogenesis in vitro”).

[0004] The reorganization of endothelial cells into tubular structures has been observed, for example, in the presence of collagen in the course of gelation, or between double layers of collagen.

[0005] Even more encouraging results have recently been obtained using as a culture support basement membrane extracts (Matrigel), on which the angiogenic mechanism seems more rapid and more easily reproducible. It was thus possible to demonstrate that the presence of a scaffold containing collagen fibers facilitates cell differentiation which, in the case of endothelial cells, translates into the organization of a thin web of tubular structures similar to that found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues (J. Folkman et al., Nature, 1980, 288, 551-556, Angiogenesis in vitro”; J. A. Madri et al., J. of Cell Biol., 1983, 97, 153165, “Capillary endothelial cell culture: phenotypic modulation by matrix components”).

[0006] It is well known that matrices of partial or total esters of hyaluronic acid with benzyl alcohol (HYAFF®) in the form of nonwoven fabric are suitable for the in vitro growth and development of various cell types such as fibroblasts (WO 96/33750).

[0007] WO 97/18842 refers to a culture of autologous or homologous bone marrow stem cells partially or completely differentiated into cellular lines of a specific connective tissue and the extracellular matrix produced by said connective tissue, said cells growth onto a scaffold of a three-dimensional biocompatible and biodegradable matrix consisting of a hyaluronic acid derivative. The success of this biological material was because the cells used are very active and can be suitably differentiated into various cell lines when placed onto the matrix. From these stem cells it is possible to obtain differentiated cells such as fibroblasts, adipocytes, myoblasts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes.

[0008] Weak and fragile differentiated cells such as endothelial, glandular cells, islets of Langerhans, liver cells or skin adnexa are more difficult to be isolated and cultured onto artificial or plastic support than staminal cells and they show poor proliferative properties and short survival times.

[0009] For example, liver cells can survive in vitro for about 7 weeks with less than 50% of the cells remaining viable (J. C. Gerlach et al., Hepatology August 1995, Vol. 22 No. 2, pages 546-552), while skin adnexa last about two weeks (A. Limat et al., The Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 87, No. 4 October 1986, pages 485-488), and islets of Langerhans just a few days (S. G. Matta, Pancreas, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1994, pages 439449).

[0010] It therefore follows that although the properties of HYAFF® matrices are already known to favour the growth and development in vitro of resistant and very active cellular elements such as staminal cells or fibroblasts, ecc. an expert in the field would have not be able to predict that satisfactory proliferation rates and survival times can be achieved by cultivating cell types like poor resistant, weak and with short time of survival cells as above said.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The authors of the present invention have instead surprisingly found that also poor resistant and weak cells such as endothelial cells, glandular cells and skin adnexa, germinative cells of hair bulbs, ecc. can efficiently grow on a hyaluronic acid derivative matrix.

[0012] A characteristic of the present invention is, therefore, a biological material comprising:

[0013] a) at least one cell type selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, glandular cells, skin adnexa, germinative cells of hair bulbs and optionally keratinocytes; and

[0014] b) a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix comprising at least one hyaluronic acid derivative and optionally collagen and/or fibrin.

[0015] The authors of the present invention have furtherly surprisingly found that when the above said cells, comprised in the biological material according to the inventions are cultivated in particular culture conditions such as in presence of a medium treated with fibroblasts or in a co-culture with fibroblasts seeded on the biomaterial, at different times, preferably several days, previously or at the same time as the cells, the proliferation rate is significantly higher than that which is achieved using other supports in the same conditions.

[0016] A further aspect of the present invention is therefore a biological material comprising:

[0017] a) at least one cell type selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, glandular cells, skin adnexa, germinative cells of hair bulbs, and optionally keratinocytes cultured in presence of a medium treated with fibroblasts or in a co-culture with fibroblasts; and

[0018] b) a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix comprising at least one hyaluronic acid derivative and optionally collagen and/or fibrin.

[0019] Another aspect of the present invention is a process for the preparation of a biological material according to the invention.

[0020] The invention relates also to the use of the biological material according to the invention for human and veterinary use, in cardiovascolar and oncological surgery, in transplants, to enhance the biological process of tissue vascularization and for aesthetic use.

[0021] Furtherly, another aspect is the use of the biological material according to the invention for the screening of medicaments or toxic substances and as a support for gene transfection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022]FIG. 1: is a histogram of a MTT test, which relates to the growth of Human vein umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) on a hyaluronic acid derivative NW11.

[0023] It shows the absorbance values at 534 nm, obtained by MTT assay 24, 72 and 96 hours after seeding of the HUVEC on small circles of nonwoven fabric NW11 in presence of: a) growth factors; and b) culture medium treated with fibroblasts.

[0024]FIG. 2: is a histogram of a MTT test showing the values obtained with cultures of HUVEC on collagen-treated wells with: a) medium complete with growth factors; and b) medium treated with fibroblasts.

[0025]FIG. 3: is a histogram of a MTT test showing the growth rate of HUVEC (30,000/cm²) in the following conditions: a) in medium treated with three-day fibroblast cultures (HFcm+HUVEC); b) fibroblasts (HF) alone; and c) in co-cultures with fibroblasts cultured in quantities of 30,000/cm² (HF+HUVEC).

[0026] The absorbance values are calculated at 534/620 nm. 1, 7 and 14 days are the culture times after seeding of HUVEC onto small circles of nonwoven HYAFF® NW11.

[0027]FIG. 4: is a histogram relating to a MTT test and showing the growth rate of HUVEC on HYAFF® NW11 under the conditions of: a) fibroblasts (HF) seeded for 4 weeks; b) fibroblasts (HF) seeded for 4 weeks and HUVEC (HF 4 weeks+HUVEC); and c) HUVEC in medium treated with fibroblast cultures (HFcm+HUVEC).

[0028] The absorbance values are calculated at 534/620 nm. 1, 7 and 14 days are the culture times after seeding of HUVEC onto small circles of nonwoven HYAFF® NW11. Fibroblasts are cultivated in great quantities (100,0001 cm²).

[0029]FIG. 5: it shows a cross-section of the matrix of hyaluronic acid total benzyl ester (HYAFF®11) in the form of nonwoven fabric on which HUVEC have been grown in the presence of a 4-week fibroblasts culture. The HUVEC were left in the culture for 14 days. It is possible to note the capillary lumen within a well-organized connective matrix. The hydrated fibers of nonwoven fabric are visible.

[0030]FIG. 6: it shows a cross-section of the matrix of HYAFF®11 in the form of nonwoven fabric on which HUVEC have been grown in the presence of a 4-week fibroblast culture. The HUVEC are left in the culture for 5 days. It is possible to note the tubular structure constituted by the association of endothelial cells, the cell bodies with nuclei raised towards the outside, the lighter-coloured inner lumen surronded by cell bodies.

[0031]FIG. 7: it illustrates the affinity between the cells and the nonwoven fabric of HYAFF®11, as shown by the fiber of nonwoven fabric completely covered in endothelial cells. It is possible to note the nuclei, the cell bodies and the points of contact between the cells are.

[0032]FIG. 8: it shows a cross-section of the matrix of HYAFF®11 in the form of a nonwoven fabric on which HUVEC have been grown in the presence of a 4-week fibroblast culture. The HUVEC were left in the culture for 14 days. It is possible to note the fibroblast-rich matrix spread over the surface under a hair-like structure where a cell with different morphology (HUVEC) is folded over itself.

[0033]FIG. 9: Endothelial cells were seeded and grown together with fibroblasts. The photograph refers to a 6 days of culture and shows clusters of endothelial cells in the vicinity of a fiber of nonwoven fabric on which the fibroblasts have deposited the extracellular matrix. Underneath the fiber in the foreground it is possible to see an endothelial cell folded over itself.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0034] The hyaluronic acid derivatives constituting the three-dimensional matrix of the biological material according to the present invention are chosen from the group consisting of:

[0035] hyaluronic acid esters wherein part or all of the carboxy functions are esterified with alcohols of the aliphatic, aromatic, arylaliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic series (EP 0216453 B1);

[0036] autocrosslinked hyaluronic acid esters wherein part or all of the carboxy groups are esterified with the alcoholic functions of the same polysaccharide chain or other chains (EP 0341745 B1);

[0037] crosslinked compounds of hyaluronic acid wherein part or all of the carboxy groups are esterified with polyalcohols of the aliphatic, aromatic, arylaliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic series, generating crosslinking by means of spacer chains (EP 0265116 B1);

[0038] hemiesters of succinic acid or heavy metal salts of the hemiester of succinic acid with hyaluronic acid or partial or total esters of hyaluronic acid (WO 961357207);

[0039] sulphated hyaluronic acid (WO 95/25751) or N-sulphated hyaluronic acid (PCT Appln. No. PCT/EP98/01973 filed on Apr. 3, 1998) and the derivatives thereof;

[0040] hyaluronic acid ester as above which is a benzyl ester with a degree of esterification of between 25% and 100%; and

[0041] nonwoven HYAFF® matrix (U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,910).

[0042] The above hyaluronic acid derivatives can also be used alone or in association with one another.

[0043] The biocompatible, three-dimensional matrix can be used in the form of a nonwoven fabric, sponges, granules, microspheres, membranes, films, guide channels and gauzes, and associations of the same.

[0044] The preparation of said nonwoven fabric constituted by the hyaluronic acid derivative and in particular by the hyaluronic acid ester is described in the US patent application by the Applicant U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,916.

[0045] The biological material according to the invention comprises a matrix consisting of at least one hyaluronic derivative and optionally collagen and/or fibrin onto which the cells will be cultured, and at least one cell type selected from weak and fragile differentiated cells. Such cells are more difficult to be isolated and cultured onto synthetic, artificial or plastic support than staminal cells and they normally show poor proliferative properties and short survival times. Surprisingly, when these cells are grown onto the matrix according to the invention they shown high proliferative rate and longer survival times.

[0046] The cells according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, glandular cells, skin adnexa, germinative cells of hair bulbs and optionally keratinocytes.

[0047] Endothelial cells are preferably taken from umbilical vein or from dermis or other tissue wherein blood vessels are present.

[0048] Glandular cells are preferably liver cells or langerhans cells.

[0049] Skin adnexa are preferably sebaceous glands or sweet glands.

[0050] Hair bulbs and germinative cells are preferably taken from autologous, homologous or heterologous hair bulbs.

[0051] It has been observed, surprisingly, that when said cells grown on matrices constituted by hyaluronic acid derivatives, optionally in the presence of fibrin and/or collagen, supplemented with medium treated with fibroblasts and in co-culture with fibroblasts seeded on the biologic material according to the invention, preferably several days previously or at the same time as the cells, the proliferation rate is significantly higher and the survival times are longer than in absence of fibroblasts. The results were also higher than on collagen in the same culture conditions.

[0052] The medium treated with fibroblasts is obtained culturing fibroblasts onto the matrix of hyaluronic acid derivative, immersed in the culturing medium (liquid comprising the substances useful for the growth of fibroblasts). Medium treated with fibroblasts, therefore, consists of a culture medium comprising the substances secerned by fibroblasts which is then taken and utilized in the cultures of cells (according to the invention) on another matrix of hyaluronic acid derivative. According to a particular realisation of the present invention, human endothelial cells are extracted from the umbilical vein (HUVEC) by enzymatic digestion with collagenase (E. A. Jaffe, J. Clin. Invest., 1973, 52, 2745-2756, “Culture of human endothelial cells derived from umbilical veins”) or from homologous, autologous or heterologous dermal tissue, or from other types of tissue containing vascular tissue and preferably seeded and left to proliferate on nonwoven HYAFF® matrices (U.S. Pat. No. 5,520,910). Matrices of HYAFF® facilitate the growth of cells in all three spatial dimensions, as they can arrange themselves in tubular structures. The biological material thus constituted can be used to advantage in skin transplants, where the endothelial cells favour the neovascularization of the transplanted tissue which would otherwise take much longer due to the migration of endothelial elements from the area surrounding the transplant, thus jeopardizing the very survival of the new tissue.

[0053] Another advantage of speedy vascularization of a skin substitute transplanted on a skin lesion is that previously prepared strips of keratinocytes can be applied immediately, or almost immediately, without the risk of the cells undergoing necrosis due to lack of nourishment.

[0054] Besides being used in skin transplants, the biological material according to the invention comprising endothelial cells may be used on bums or traumas, in oncology and other fields of surgery such as cardiovascular and aesthetic surgery, to favour the biological process of vascularization of the tissues.

[0055] Glandular elements such as liver cells, islets of Langerhans and skin adnexa grown on matrix according to the present invention show longer survival times. It therefore follows that a biological material wherein the glandular elements are liver cells can be used to advantage as a viable hepatic tissue to be transplanted in cases of severe liver insufficiency.

[0056] A biological material wherein the glandular elements are represented by islets of Langerhans can be advantageously inserted into the human organism, for instance subcutaneously or into the pancreatic parenchyme, in cases of deficient insulin production.

[0057] A biological material comprising a biodegradable, biocompatible, threedimensional matrix constituted by at least one hyaluronic acid derivative and by a culture of skin adnexa such as hair bulbs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands and germinative cells of hair bulbs preferably grown in medium conditioned with fibroblasts or in co-culture with fibroblasts, can be used to advantage in scalp and skin transplants together with endothelial cells, and possibly with keratinocytes, thus obtaining a tissue very similar to human skin.

[0058] Lastly, it has been seen that the germinative cells in hair bulbs in the same culture conditions give rise to new hair elements.

[0059] The biological material according to the invention can be prepared according to the following process comprising the following steps:

[0060] i) isolating cells selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, glandular cells, skin adnexa, germinative cells of hair bulbs, and optionally keratinocytes;

[0061] ii) preparing a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix comprising at least one hyaluronic acid derivative and optionally collagen and/or fibrin;

[0062] iii) seeding at least one type of said cells on said matrix optionally in presence of a medium treated with fibroblasts or in a co-culture with fibroblasts.

[0063] According to a particular realisation of the invention the process comprises the following steps:

[0064] i) isolating endothelial cells from human umbilical vein by enzymatic digestion with collagenase;

[0065] ii) amplification on collagen-treated dishes;

[0066] iii) preparing a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix comprising at least one hyaluronic acid derivative and optionally collagen and/or fibrin;

[0067] iv) seeding said cells, and optionally other cells according to the invention, on said matrix optionally in presence of a medium treated with human fibroblasts in primary culture or in a co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts.

[0068] The invention relates also to the use of the biological material according to the invention for human and veterinary use, in cardiovascolar and oncological surgery, in transplants, to enhance the biological process of tissue vascularization and for aesthetic use.

[0069] Lastly, the biological materials according to the present invention can be used in the screening of medicaments or toxic substances and as supports for gene transfection.

[0070] The biologic material according to the present invention can be used as alternative to the animal experiment method for testing the pharmacologic substances, for instance, in order to evaluate the toxicity of a substance or for testing the efficiency of biomedical devices such as, for example, the influence of magnetic field.

[0071] The biological material according to the present invention can also be used as a support for genetic transfection.

[0072] Genetic transfection is applied, in genetic therapy, by transplanting genetically modified cells. Human cells are cultivated in vitro and transfected with a gene coding for a specific amino acid sequence useful against the pathology to treat and then such treated cells are re-implanted onto human body.

[0073] In the application of the genetic therapy there is often the problem connected to the fact that cells re-implanted in the same organism do not remain in situ long enough in order to express their action. Culturing the cells on matrix according to the present invention is possible to obtain high proliferation rate and engineered tissues having a complex structure very similar to that of the natural tissue of the organism and they are able to give an efficient surgical workability and can be re-implanted overcoming the problem connected to the cells dispersion.

[0074] For purely descriptive purpose, the present invention will be furtherly described according to the following Examples.

EXAMPLE 1

[0075] Extraction of Endothelial Cells from the Umbilical Vein.

[0076] Endothelial cells (HUVEC) were taken from the umbilical vein by gently cannulating it with a thick, sterile needle, being careful not to damage the walls. The vessel is then rinsed with saline solution (phosphate buffer without Ca++ and Mg++, PBS−−) so as to eliminate any residue blood. The cells were detached from the walls of the vessel by perfusion with a solution of collagenase (1 mg/ml, 300-400 U/mg), and immersion in saline solution at 37° C. for 5 minutes.

[0077] The reaction is stopped with complete medium (M199 1×+20% foetal calf serum+L-Glutamine 2 mM+Penicillin/Streptomycin (100 U/ml)/(100_g/ml)+Fungizone 2.5 æg/ml).

[0078] Following centrifugation, the cell sediment is re-suspended in complete medium and seeded in a cell culture flask previously treated with a solution of collagen I (10 μg/ml) in PBS-, overnight at 37° C.

[0079] Once they have reached confluence, the HUVEC are removed from the culture dish with trypsin 0.05%-EDTA 0.02% and amplified with their own medium supplemented with hECGF (0.1 ng/lml) and Heparin (100 μg/ml) and bFGF (10 ng/ml).

EXAMPLES 2-5 Comparison of the Growth of Endothelial Cells in Different Culture Conditions EXAMPLE 2

[0080] Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) are first amplified on gelatin-treated dishes and then seeded on membranes of nonwoven fabric (HYAFF®) in 24-well dishes at a density of 30,000/cm2 in different culture conditions:

[0081] 1) with a medium enriched with growth factors (M199 complete with 20% foetal calf serum), bFGF at a concentration of 10 ng/ml, heparin at a concentration of 100 ng/ml and ECGF at a concentration of 0.1 ng/ml;

[0082] 2) with a medium treated with human fibroblasts three days before seeding (HUVEC +HFcm);

[0083] Cell proliferation was indirectly assessed at various time intervals by MTT assay (F. Denizot, J. Immunol. Met., 1986, 89, 271-277, “Rapid calorimetric assay for cell growth and survival”). Each specimen was set up in triplicate.

[0084] Results, reported in FIG. 1, show the absorbance values at 534 nm, obtained by MTT assay 24, 72 and 96 hours after seeding of the HUVEC on small circles of nonwoven fabric of HYAFF®11 (NW11) in the presence of growth factors and culture medium treated with fibroblasts. The graph shows that, over a period of 96 hours, the culture medium supplemented with growth factors normally used to grow these cell in vitro is not sufficient to support cell growth on biomaterial made of HYAFF®11.

[0085] The rate of cell proliferation increases, however, when medium treated with a three-day growth of primary fibroblasts is added to the culture medium.

EXAMPLE 3

[0086] HUVEC were cultured like in Example 2, but on collagen-coated plates instead of a support of HYAFF®.

[0087] Results, reported in FIG. 2, show the values obtained with cultures of endothelial cells on collagen-treated wells with medium complete with growth factors and medium treated with fibroblasts. MTT assay showed that although the proliferation rate was similar in the two types of well, it was notably lower than the growth values obtained with the samples of nonwoven HYAFF®11 supplemented with fibroblast-treated medium (see FIG. 1).

EXAMPLE 4

[0088] HUVEC were cultured on NW11 like in the previous examples in presence of human fibroblasts (HF) in the following conditions:

[0089] 1) in medium treated with three-day fibroblast cultures (HUVEC+HFcm);

[0090] 2) in presence of HF only;

[0091] 3) in simultaneous co-cultures with fibroblasts cultured in quantities of 30,000/cm2 (HF+HUVEC).

[0092] Results, reported in FIG. 3, show absorbance values at 534/620 nm, after MTT assay, 1, 7 and 14 days after seeding the HUVEC onto small circles of nonwoven HYAFF® in the different conditions described above. It can be seen that the HUVEC in co-culture with fibroblasts (HF+HUVEC) present an increasing growth rate over longer culture times (14 days). The growth rate of HUVEC on nonwoven HYAFF® supplemented with fibroblast treated medium (HUVEC +HFcm) rises over the first few days in culture and then remains steady at around the same values, thus permitting good cell survival.

EXAMPLE 5

[0093] HUVEC were cultured like in the previous examples, in the following conditions:

[0094] 1) in presence of HF only for 4 weeks (HF 4 weeks);

[0095] 2) in simultaneous co-cultures with human fibroblasts (in quantities of 100,000/cm²) seeded onto the biomaterial 4 weeks before the endothelial cells (HF 4 weeks+HUVEC);

[0096] 3) in medium treated with three-day fibroblast cultures (HUVEC+HFcm).

[0097] Results, reported in FIG. 4, show the growth rate of the endothelial cells in the different conditions, reported above.

[0098] Discussion of Results of Example 2-5

[0099] The above data clearly show that the proliferation of endothelial cells on the HYAFF® biomaterial is notably enhanced by the presence of fibroblasts or the addition of medium obtained from the same. The presence of a three-dimensional structure such as that of nonwoven HYAFF® facilitates their growth, as the cells can colonize the web of fibers in all three spatial dimensions. In these conditions it is therefore possible to maintain the cells in culture for over 96 hours, up to a maximum of three weeks, when the fibers of the biomaterial reach a very high level of hydration.

[0100] The importance of a web to support cell proliferation has been clearly confirmed by comparing the data with that obtained on gelatin-treated wells, where, in the absence of a three-dimensional structure, the growth of HUVEC is notably limited as they can only proliferate two dimensionally.

[0101] It is thus demonstrated that the biomaterials constituted by hyaluronic acid esters in the form of a nonwoven fabric represent a sublayer suitable for the growth and differentiation of HUVEC too. On these scaffolds, such cells are able to proliferate far better than they do on conventional medium. Moreover, there is a very marked difference in the proliferation rates of the cells cultivated in gelatin-treated wells and those cultivated on the biomaterial in question, and this difference is undoubtedly even more significant on the nonwoven HYAFF® fabric in the presence of fibroblasts.

EXAMPLE 6

[0102] Liver Cell Isolation and Culture

[0103] Liver cells were isolated from the portal vein and hepatic artery of pig's liver by the technique of collagenase perfusion according to Gerlach J. et al., Hepatology, August 1995, pages 546-552.

[0104] After an initial amplification on gelatin-treated dishes, the liver cells were seeded in 24-well dishes at a density of 30,000/cm2 in the following culture conditions:

[0105] 1) on nonwoven HYAFF® in the presence of a medium treated with three-day human fibroblast culture;

[0106] 2) on nonwoven HYAFF® in a co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts seeded onto the biomaterial;

[0107] 3) on nonwoven HYAFF® in a co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts seeded onto the biomaterial 7 days before the liver cells;

[0108] 4) on collagen-treated wells in co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts seeded onto the biomaterial 7 days before the liver cells.

[0109] The percentage of viable cells was assessed by two discrete methods:

[0110] A) assessment of the morphological characteristics;

[0111] Trypan-blue exclusion test.

[0112] Cells which became stained and those presenting cytoplasmatic vacuolation, an accumulation of lipid droplets and cytoplasmatic fragmentation were considered to be non-viable.

[0113] Each specimen was set up in triplicate. % live cells 1 day 2 weeks 4 weeks 6 weeks 8 weeks A 80 25 5 / / B 80 40 20 5 / C 90 85 75 60 50 D 89 83 65 30 /

EXAMPLE 7

[0114] Isolation and Culture of Islets of Langerhans

[0115] Islets of Langerhans were isolated from rat pancreas by enzymatic digestion with collagenase according to Matta S. G. et al.; Pancreas, Vol. 9, No. 4, 1994.

[0116] Following initial amplification on gelatin-treated dishes, the islets of Langerhans were seeded onto nonwoven membranes in 24-well dishes at a density of 30,000/cm2 in different culture conditions:

[0117] 1) in the presence of a medium treated with a three-day human fibroblast culture;

[0118] 2) in a co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts seeded on the biomaterial;

[0119] 3) in a co-culture with human dermal fibroblasts seeded onto the biomaterial 7 days before the islets of Langerhans.

[0120] The percentage of live cells was assessed by two discrete methods:

[0121] A) assessment of morphological characteristics;

[0122] B) Trypan-blue exclusion test.

[0123] Cells which became stained and those which presented cytoplasmatic vacuolation, an accumulation of lipid droplets and cytoplasmatic fragmentation were considered to be non-viable.

[0124] Each specimen was set up in triplicate. % live cells 1 day 10 days 20 days 30 days 40 days A 90 20 / / / B 90 40 10 / / C 90 80 70 55 40

EXAMPLE 8

[0125] Isolation and Culture of Skin Adnexa

[0126] Hair bulbs were isolated from fragments of scalp by means of small pincers and scissors under a dissection microscope.

[0127] Sebaceous and sweat glands were isolated from fragments of skin obtained during surgery. They were removed by exerting pressure on the skin, thus causing these structures to protrude.

[0128] Following an initial amplification on gelatin-treated dishes, the skin adnexa were seeded onto membranes of nonwoven fabric in 24-well dishes at a density of 30,000/cm2 in discrete culture conditions:

[0129] 1) in the presence of a medium treated with a three-day culture of human fibroblasts;

[0130] 2) in a co-culture with human skin fibroblasts seeded on the biomaterial 3 weeks before the skin adnexa;

[0131] 3) in a co-culture with human skin fibroblasts seeded on the biomaterial 5 weeks before the skin adnexa.

[0132] Each specimen was set up in triplicate.

[0133] The skin adnexa in culture conditions A proved able to survive for about 2-3 days, as assessed by histological investigation.

[0134] After this time the glands began to disintegrate, becoming fragmented into non-viable cell groups.

[0135] In conditions 2 and 3 the skin adnexa remained integral in the culture for a period of up to 35 days.

[0136] Subsequently, they underwent a process of gradual disgregation and finally disappeared. 

1. A biological material comprising: a) at least one cell type selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, glandular cells, skin adnexa, germinative cells of hair bulbs and optionally keratinocytes; and b) a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix comprising at least one hyaluronic acid derivative and optionally collagen and/or fibrin.
 2. A biological material comprising: a) at least one cell type selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, glandular cells, skin adnexa, germinative cells of hair bulbs, and optionally keratinocytes, cultivated in presence of a medium treated with fibroblasts or in a co-culture with fibroblasts; and b) a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix comprising at least one hyaluronic acid derivative and optionally collagen and/or fibrin.
 3. A biological material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the endothelial cells are taken from the umbilical vein or from dermis or other tissue wherein blood vessels are present.
 4. A biological material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the glandular cells are liver cells or Langerhans islet cells.
 5. A biological material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the skin adnexa are sebaceous glands, sweat glands, hair bulbs and the germinative cells are taken from autologous, homologous or heterologous hair bulbs.
 6. A biological material according to claims 1-5, wherein the hyaluronic acid derivative is an ester of hyaluronic acid wherein part or all the carboxy functions are esterified with alcohols of the aliphatic, aromatic, arylaliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic series.
 7. A biological material according to claims 1-5, wherein the hyaluronic acid derivative is an autocrosslinked ester of hyaluronic acid wherein a part or all of the carboxy groups are esterified with the alcoholic functions of the same polysaccharide chain or other chains.
 8. A biological material according to claims 1-5, wherein the hyaluronic acid derivative is a crosslinked ester of hyaluronic acid wherein a part or all of the carboxy groups are esterified with polyalcohols of the aliphatic, aromatic, arylaliphatic, cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic series, generating crosslinking by means of spacer chains.
 9. A biological material according to claims 1-5, wherein the hyaluronic acid derivative is a hemiester of succinic acid or a heavy metal salt of the hemiester of succinic acid with hyaluronic acid or with partial or total hyaluronic acid esters.
 10. A biological material according to claims 1-5, wherein the hyaluronic acid derivative is a sulphated or N-sulphated hyaluronic acid or derivatives thereof.
 11. A biological material according to claims 1-5, wherein the hyaluronic acid ester is a benzyl ester with a degree of esterification of between 25% and 100%.
 12. A biological material according to claims 1-11, wherein component b) is used in the form of a nonwoven fabric, sponges, granules, microspheres, membranes, films, guide channels, gauzes and combinations of the same with one another.
 13. A biological material according to claim 12, wherein component b) is used in the form of a nonwoven fabric.
 14. A process for the preparation of a biological material according to claims 1-13, comprising the following steps: i) isolating cells selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, glandular cells, skin adnexa, germinative cells of hair bulbs and optionally keratinocytes; ii) preparing a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix comprising at least one hyaluronic acid derivative and optionally collagen and/or fibrin; iii) seeding at least one type of said cells on said matrix optionally in presence of a medium treated with fibroblasts or in a co-culture with fibroblasts.
 15. A process for the preparation of a biological material according to claims 1-13, comprising the following steps: i) isolating endothelial cells from human umbilical vein by enzymatic digestion with collagenase; ii) amplification on collagen-treated dishes; iii) preparing a biocompatible and biodegradable three-dimensional matrix comprising at least one hyaluronic acid derivative and optionally collagen and/or fibrin; iv) seeding said endothelial cells, optionally in association with the cells defined in claim 1 or 2, on said matrix optionally in presence of a medium treated with human fibroblasts in primary culture or in a co-culture with human fibroblasts.
 16. Biological material according to claims 1-13, for use in human and veterinary surgery.
 17. A biological material according to claims 1-13 wherein component a) comprises endothelial cells alone or in association with skin adnexa, germinative cells or keratinocytes, in skin transplants.
 18. Biological material according to claims 1-13, for use in skin and scalp transplants.
 19. Biological material according to claims 1-13, for use in skin transplants wherein component a) comprising endothelial cells facilitates the mechanism of neo-vascularization of the transplanted skin.
 20. Biological material according to claims 1-13, wherein component a) comprises germinative cells of hair bulbs, for use in scalp transplants.
 21. Biological material according to claims 1-13, wherein component a) comprises liver cells, for use in liver tissue transplants.
 22. Biological material according to claims 1-13, wherein component a) comprises islets of Langerhans, for use in cases of insufficient insulin production.
 23. Biological material according to claims 1-13, wherein component a) comprises endothelial cells, for use in surgery.
 24. Biological material according to claim 23, for use in cardiovascular, aesthetic and oncological surgery.
 25. Biological material according to claims 23-24, for use in surgery to enhance the biological process of tissue vascularization.
 26. Biological material according to claims 1-13, for the screening of medicaments or toxic substances.
 27. Biological material according to claims 1-13, as a support for gene transfection.
 28. Biological material according to claim 27, for use in gene transfection. 